A three-dimensional climate model was used to perform 25 simulations over the last millennium, which are driven by the main natural and anthropogenic forcing. The results are compared to available reconstructions in order to evaluate the relative contribution of internal and forced variability during this period. At hemispheric and nearly hemispheric scale, the impact of the forcing is clear in...

Understanding the economic effects of long-term and gradual climate change, when people have time to adapt, is a central question in the current debate on climate change. Empirical evidence, however, is scarce. I study the economic effects of climate change over a period of 250 years during the Little Ice Age, a historical episode of climate change, between 1500 and 1750. Historians have argued...

In the Northern Hemisphere, an insolation driven Early to Middle Holocene Thermal Maximum was followed by a Neoglacial cooling that culminated during Little Ice Age (LIA). Here, we review glacier response this in Greenland. Changes ice margins of outlet glaciers from Greenland Sheet as well local and caps are synthesized Greenland-wide. addition, compare temperature reconstructions cores, eleva...

Based on the climate proxy data, several recent studies have concluded that Ming dynasty’s reign in China coincided with Little Ice Age, a global crisis. In response, scholars published reports years addressing this topic. This paper presents comprehensive overview of current research findings English regarding subject and identifies existing gaps. The author proposes impact different regions d...

A proxy rainfall record for northeastern South Africa based on carbon isotope analysis of four baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) trees shows centennial and decadal scale variability over the last 1,000 years. The record is in good agreement with a 200-year tree ring record from Zimbabwe, and it indicates the existence of a rainfall dipole between the summer and winter rainfall areas of South Afric...