Illumination of photorefractive, iron-doped lithium niobate crystals (LiNbO3 :Fe) with x-rays generates a conductivity that we determine from the speed of hologram erasure. The doping levels of the crystals and the acceleration voltage of our x-ray tube are varied. A theoretical model is presented, which describes the obtained results. A decrease of the conductivity with increasing Fe concentra...

We compare the system performances of two holographic recording geometries using iron-doped lithium niobate: the 90-degree and transmission geometry. We find that transmission geometry is better because the attainable dynamic range (M/#) is much higher. The only drawback of transmission geometry is the buildup of fanning, particularly during readout. Material solutions that reduce fanning such ...

The EPR spectrum of single crystals scandium orthosilicate doped with chromium was studied in the X-band. In crystallographic and local coordinate systems, parameters spin Hamiltonians two Cr 3+ centers that have replaced nonequivalent triclinic positions demonstrate orthorhombic symmetry principal axes are determined. Gd center localized one position discovered studied, fine structure its grou...

The effects of variable charging rates and incomplete charging in off-grid renewable energy applications are studied by comparing battery degradation rates and mechanisms in lead-acid, LCO (lithium cobalt oxide), LCO-NMC (LCO-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide composite), and LFP (lithium iron phosphate) cells charged with wind-based charging protocols. Poor pulse charge acceptance, particul...

Based on analyzing and synthesizing the effects of In doping, Fe doping and oxidation state, we propose an efficient way to improve photorefractive properties of LiNbO3 crystal. According to the proposed way, a sample of In:Fe:LiNbO3 crystal is grown and achieves larger dynamic range, higher sensitivity and better signal-to-noise ratio thanFe:LiNbO3 crystal (Fe:0.03wt.%) that is generally consi...

Electrochemical deposition of rhenium-iron alloy from water-in-salt electrolytes containing a super-high concentration lithium chloride is investigated. Different techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, X-Ray diffraction, and electrical measurements at cryogenic temperature are used to characterize the electrochemical system...

Developing earth-abundant, active and stable electrocatalysts which operate in the same electrolyte for water splitting, including oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, is important for many renewable energy conversion processes. Here we demonstrate the improvement of catalytic activity when transition metal oxide (iron, cobalt, nickel oxides and their mixed oxides) nanopar...

We demonstrate versatility of femtosecond direct laser writing (DLW) technique for microstructuring of iron-doped and as-grown lithium niobate crystals. Formation of extended, metastable, and re-writable refractive index modulation structures is achievable via fast local photorefractive modification of refractive index at the focus of the writing laser beam, with a modulation of up to ∆n ~ 10, ...

Battery management system monitors and mitigates the operation of battery cells and stacks and is important for battery safety and reliability. This paper presents a dual-objective optimal charging strategy for two types of Li-ion batteries, which considers the conflict objectives of charging time and charging loss. The battery models developed in a prior research are used in the charging optim...

Inorganic glasses normally exhibit a network of interconnected, covalent-bonded, structural elements that has no long-range order. In silicate glasses, the network formers are based on SiO4 tetrahedra interconnected through oxygen atoms at the corners. Conventional wisdom implies that alkaline and alkaline-earth orthosilicate materials cannot be vitrified, because they do not contain sufficient...