Extended logic programs (ELPs) are a set of logic rules with strong negation  allowed in the bodies or head of the rules and weak negation ~ allowed in the bodies of the rules. ELPs enable for various forms of reasoning that cannot be achieved by definite logic programs. Answer Set Programming provides a widely acceptable semantics for ELPs. However, ELPs do not provide information regarding t...

We describe an algorithm for automatic classification of idiomatic and literal expressions. Our starting point is that idioms and literal expressions occur in different contexts. Idioms tend to violate cohesive ties in local contexts, while literals are expected to fit in. Our goal is to capture this intuition using a vector representation of words. We propose two approaches: (1) Compute inner ...

Higher levels of discourse processing evoke patterns of cognition and brain activation that extend beyond the literal comprehension of sentences. We used fMRI to examine brain activation patterns while 16 healthy participants read brief three-sentence stories that concluded with either a literal, metaphoric, or ironic sentence. The fMRI images acquired during the reading of the critical sentenc...

Web link analysis has been proven to provide significant enhancement to the precision of web search in practice. The PageRank algorithm, used in the Google Search Engine, plays an important role in improving the quality of results by employing an explicit hyperlink structure among the Web pages. The prestige of Web pages defined by PageRank is derived solely from surfers’ random walk on the Web...

We study the algebraizability of the logics constructed using literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices described by Lewin and Mikenbergin[11] proving that theyare all algebraizable in the sense of Blok We study the algebraizability of the logics constructed using literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices described by Lewin and Mikenberg in [11], proving that they ...

Closed head injury (CHI) is associated with communication difficulties in everyday social interactions. Previous work has reported impaired comprehension of sarcasm, using sarcastic remarks where the intended meaning is the opposite of the sincere or literal meaning. Participants with CHI in the present study were assessed using two types of sarcastic items, those with a directly opposite meani...

consisting of a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; a literal is either a variable v (a positive literal) or the negation of a variable ¬v (a negative literal). We are to decide if there is an assignment to the variables satisfying the formula, that is, an assignment under which every clause contains at least one true literal. The example formula is satisfied by...

consisting of a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; a literal is either a variable v (a positive literal) or the negation of a variable ¬v (a negative literal). We are to decide if there is an assignment to the variables satisfying the formula, that is, an assignment under which every clause contains at least one true literal. The example formula is satisfied by...

In the past decades, there has been much progress in the formal Semantics of ordinary language. Logicians, linguists and philosophers have extensively used logical formalisms in order to interpret directly or after translation important fragments of actual natural languages. They have thereby contributed to the foundations of the theory of sentence meaning. In formal Semantics, speaker meaning ...

Literal and figurative meanings are two ends of a continuum we can not talk about sharp distinction between these meaning types (Dirven, 2002; Gibbs & Colston, 2012; Radden, 2002). Such exhibits different degrees figurativity. Radden (2002) considers this as literal-metonymy-metaphor continuum; where Dirven focuses on conceptual closeness distance the continuum. This study aims to analy...