the term “sānād” i-e (persian historical document) is an important key word in history. although there are many researches about purport, applicable field of “sanad” but historical linguistic of this term is little-known. in regard to that this word have not a long use by mean “written” and “document” in  iranian historical texts, therefore  mind question of this article is: when this term in r...

In this paper we present a linguistic multiple-expert multi-criteria decision making model and a web tool to support it, that is centred on the housing market. The web tool is integrated with the usual catalogue of resources for rental or for sale, enriched with the possibility of ranking a subset of properties according to the client’s preferences and the internal knowledge associated to the p...

This research explores the effects of three computer-mediated feedback modalities, that is, elicitation, recast, and meta-linguistics, on the learning of English participial, gerund, and infinitival phrases among Iranian intermediate-level EFL learners. The overriding focus of the present study was to investigate whether different types of feedback given through form-focused computer-human exch...

Purpose – To propose a categorization of the different conflation procedures at the two basic approaches, non-linguistic and linguistic techniques, and to justify the application of normalization methods within the framework of linguistic techniques. Design/methodology/approach – Presents a range of term conflation methods, that can be used in information retrieval. The uniterm and multiterm va...

Fuzzy ontologies allow the modeling of real world environments using fuzzy sets mathematical environment and linguistic modeling. Therefore, fuzzy ontologies become really useful when the information that is worked with is imprecise. This happens a lot in real world environments because humans are more used to think using imprecise nature words instead of numbers. Furthermore, there is a high a...

‎This paper deals with one problem that needs to be addressed in the emerging field known under the name computing with perceptions‎. ‎It is the problem of describing‎, ‎approximately‎, ‎a given fuzzy set in natural‎ ‎language‎. ‎This problem has lately been referred to as the problem of retranslation‎. ‎An approaches to ‎dealing with the retranslation problem is discussed in the paper‎, ‎that ...

The management of the health-care wastes is one of the most important problems in Istanbul, a city with more than 12 million inhabitants, as it is in most of the developing countries. Negligence in appropriate treatment and final disposal of the healthcare wastes can lead to adverse impacts to public health and to the environment. This paper employs a fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making ...