Metabolism is the process of nutrient uptake and conversion, : Background and executed by the metabolic network. Its evolutionary precursors most likely originated in non-enzymatic chemistry. To be exploitable in a Darwinian process that forms a metabolic pathway, non-enzymatic reactions need to form a chemical network that produces advantage-providing metabolites in a single, life compatible c...

Rapid remodeling of the microtubule (MT) array is important in large motile cells because such cells are constantly in the process of changing their shape. In fibroblast-like cells, MTs form a radial array emerging from the centrosome with minus ends tethered at the centrosome and plus ends extending towards the cell periphery (reviewed by Desai and Mitchison, 1997; Keating and Borisy, 1999). A...

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Life-cycle analysis is an invaluable tool for investigating the environmental profile of a product or technology from cradle to grave. Such life-cycle analyses of energy technologies are essential, especially as material and energy flows are often interwoven, and divergent emissions into the environment may occur at different life-cycle-stages. This approach is well exemplified by our descripti...

Design and procurement based on holistic whole life appraisal can improve functional quality and, therefore, the overall cost effectiveness and performance of buildings. It is furthermore expected these principles can strengthen the competitiveness of concrete. The initial part of the work, analysed requirements on buildings and how concrete provides answers to these. Life cycle costing, enviro...