This paper deals with inventory sharing in the context of a decentralized supply chain. The chain consists manufacturer who distributes set products through network independents Points Sale (POS). primary decision each player has to make is optimize its service level while maintaining minimum total cost. POS share their allowing transshipment enhance ability face demand and avoid shortages. pro...

This paper considers the transportation of prefabricated products in construction industry. Prefabricated can be transported by road transport or intermodal transport, latter which incurs lower carbon emissions. A contractor always selects mode with a cost rather than one emission. bi-level programming model was formulated to decide optimal subsidy for achieve lowest emissions while accounting ...

Bi-level programming has been used widely to model interactions between hierarchical decision-making problems, and their solution is challenging, especially when the lower-level problem contains discrete decisions. The of such mixed-integer linear bi-level problems typically need decomposition, approximation or heuristic-based strategies which either require high computational effort cannot gua...

a facility location is said to be competitive when other facilities are present in the market and new facilities have to compete with these existing facilities for a market share. in other words, in a competitive facility location problem we do not see monopoly that exists in classic location models. in such a situation, existing facilities react to locate new facilities by adjusting their attr...

Distributed energy resources (DERs) including distributed generators (DGs) and controllable loads (CLs) are managed in the form of several microgrids (MGs) in active distributions networks (ADNs) to meet the demand locally. On the other hand, some loads of distribution networks (DNs) can be supplied by retailers which participate in wholesale energy markets. Therefore, there are several decisio...

ABSTRACT. Bi-level programming problems are an important type of multi-variable and double-layer programming problems. These problems appear everywhere especially in the industrial, supply-chain, and marketing programming applications. In this work, two new original approaches are proposed to solve bi-level quadratic programming problems in different cases: the so-called ergodic branch-and-boun...