in most legal systems, service consumers, as the weaker party to the contract, are covered by protective provisions. due to the particular complexity of electronic funds transactions, consumers need further protection, which should be proportionate with the requirements of this type of transactions. in some countries, such as america, independent regulations have been ratified to protect consum...

legal agency classified behaviour (allowed/disallowed) responsible agent(s) social behaviour (states of affairs, stories) Commonsense Knowledge Figure 6.1: The Funtional Ontology of Law Normative knowledge reflects the regulatory nature of law, and has two functions: prescribing behaviour, and defining a standard of comparison for social reality. A norm expresses an idealisation: what ought to ...

More than two billion people in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) lack adequate access to essential medicines. In this paper, we make strong public health, human rights and economic arguments for improving access to medicines in LMIC and discuss the different roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders, including national governments, the international community, and non-governmental o...

pollution and destruction of environment and the resulting damages is one of the basic perplexities of modern industrial and urban societies and one of the most essential issues dealt with in environment rights. thus, given the necessity of indemnification for any damage and loss in most of the legal systems, the study, assessment, and discussion of civil responsibility arising from environment...

Many complex ethical issues arise in the day-to-day conduct of longitudinal studies of addiction treatment. These issues are rooted, in part, in the sustained and potentially ambiguous relationship between research staff and study participants, the frequently changing clinical and legal status of study participants, the assertive methods required to generate high follow-up rates, and the numero...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Laryngotracheal stenosis usually occurs as a result of injury from endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy placement. With an estimated incidence of 1% to 22% after these procedures, chronic sequelae ranging from discomfort to devastating effects on quality of life, and even death, make this complication a potential litigation target. We examined federal and state court re...

The theory of corporate social responsibility holds that a company must not only fulfill its economic responsibility of making profits for its shareholders, but also undertake broad legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. The notion of corporate social responsibility is most vulnerable to the argument that fulfillment of social responsibility will affect the company’s financial perfo...

the civil sanction is one of the most important sanctions for protecting copyright. in french law a special action named counterfeit action is predicted, which not only compensate the damages but also it has a preventive effect. this action doesn't require the proving of the fault and the lawsuit can be done by the author and the person who is awareded the exclusive licence. in this legal ...