”Legal interoperability” could be defined as the possibility of legallymixing data coming from different sources (including governmental data, data gener-ated by online communities and data held by private parties). Legal interoperabilityis similar to technical interoperability, since it is a prerequisite for mixing data andcreate new knowledge or services. But it also has its o...

An important characteristic of sketches, compared with text, rests with their ability to intrinsically capture object appearance and structure. Nonetheless, akin to traditional text-based image retrieval, conventional sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR) principally focuses on retrieving images of the same category, neglecting the fine-grained characteristics of sketches. In this paper, we advoc...

Since I am a lawyer, let me start with a disclaimer: nothing I shall say is intended to reflect the views of my employers past or present or any professional association to which I may belong. And please don’t write any letters — unless they are addressed to me. The reason I start in this fashion is that some years ago, when I had just become a notary, I gave an interview to a charming lady fro...

legal and judicial mitigating factors are one of the effective mechanisms for individualization of punishments and persuading offenders to avoid the continuation of the act of crime. these would also prevent the harmful consequences of crime from proliferating, and it help to discover crime and arrest aiders and abettors. the legislature has in different instances specified such legal exemption...

the legal system of any given society, whether national or international, requires that legal disputes between the parties must be finally concluded and settled. abiding by judgments made by international courts and prevention of contradictory judgments are related to international public order. variety of international courts, arbitration tribunals and commissions increases the possibility of ...

Many writers argue that economic organization is undergoing major transformation in the emerging knowledge economy; authority relations are withering; legal and ownership-based definitions of the boundaries of firms are becoming irrelevant and there are increasingly few constraints on the set of feasible combinations of coordination mechanisms. The present paper critically deals with these clai...

Numerous countries around the world have enacted privacy-protection legislation, in an effort to protect their citizens and instill confidence in the valuable business-to-consumer E-commerce industry. These laws will be most effective if and when they establish a standard of practice that consumers can use as a guideline for the future behavior of e-commerce vendors. However, while privacy-prot...