testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

data envelopment analysis (dea) is a powerful tool for measuring relative efficiency of organizational units referred to as decision making units (dmus). in most cases dmus have network structures with internal linking activities. traditional dea models, however, consider dmus as black boxes with no regard to their linking activities and therefore do not provide decision makers with the reasons...

S'ad Al-Din Hemawi (586-650) is one of the great Sufis of seventh century. His existed works in clude include some letters to his disciples. One of which is a short letter to Ezz al-Din Marvazi, of whom we know nothing. He must have been a great scholar and a relative of sa'd since he calls him "Imam" and "Son" in the said letter .This letter which is written in 639(A.H.), includes valuble mora...

Sa‘di is one of the greatest Iranian literary personalities throughout the history of Persian belles- letters and poetry, that so many books and articles have been written on different aspects of his personality. But the subject matter of the present paper is something about which has been paid attention less, that is Sa‘di’s spiritual and mystical personality reflected in his works particula...

short story as an important literary genre in the recent decade is focused by many of young writers and literary critical with searching structure, content , artistic techniques and cognitive phenomenon of these works , we can show quantity of using some parts of storied literature from new literal techniques of the word and also we can show the usage of native, cultural and social foundation...

the aim of this study is to examine the difference between the introverts and extroverts in preferred advice-giving style. furthermore, it explores the difference between l1 (persian) and l2 (english) regarding the giving of advice for the extroverts and introverts separately. it investigates whether an extrovert or introvert gives advice in the same manner in his l1 (persian) and l2 (english) ...

textbooks play a crucial role in language learning classrooms. the problem is that among the great quantity of available textbooks on the market which one is appropriate for a specific classroom and a group of learners. in order to evaluate elt textbooks, theorists and writers have offered different kinds of evaluative frameworks based on a number of principles and criteria. this study evaluate...