BACKGROUND Late menarche, early menopause, high parity, and early first birth decrease the risk of development of breast cancer. The influence of these factors on the survival of breast cancer patients has not been explained. METHODS A group of 1885 patients with operable breast cancer was studied retrospectively. A univariate analysis was used to calculate 10-year overall survival (OS) and d...

objective: the aim of this study was to determine the symptoms associated with menopause among women referred to menopause clinic of tehran women general hospital. materials and methods: in this cross sectional study which has been done between january 2011 and january 2012, in  menopause clinic of tehran women's general hospital 134 women were studied. for each woman a questionnaire was comple...

STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of reproductive variables (age at menarche, menopause, first and last birth as well as parity, lactation, and abortions) on hip fracture mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective study in Norway with more than 60,000 women followed up for 29 years. A total of 465 deaths as a result of hip fracture were recorded. MAIN RESUL...

Human females stop reproducing long before they die. Among other mammals, only pilot and killer whales exhibit a comparable period of post-reproductive life. The grandmother hypothesis suggests that kin selection can favour post-reproductive survival when older females help their relatives to reproduce. But although there is an evidence that grandmothers can provide such assistance, it is puzzl...

Background: Several epidemiological studies have been carried to identify the risk factors for developing breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with breast cancer in different age groups in the Moroccan women and to determine susceptible and protective factors. Methods: This was a case control study including 400 women with breast cancer and 400 contro...

A double-antibody radioimmunoassay technique has been used to investigate the serum prolactin (hPRL) level in Malay females from premenarche to the postmenopause. The results showed that the hPRL level (mena ± SEM) in the premenarchal, postmenarchal and late pubertal/reproductive subjects were 23.6 ± 2.3,19.1 ± 2.0 and 22.7 ± 1.9 ng] ml respectively. In premenopausal women, hPRL level (11.8 ± 2...


 Menopause is defined by its relationship to menstruation––it the cessation of menstruation. Medical texts identify menopause as part cycle “decay” associated with female reproductive functions; early often a dreaded result various medical treatments and sign disfunction.
 It turns out that only three types animals experience menopause: killer whales, short-finned pilot humans, while...

AIM Findings from clinical studies in postmenopausal women with late initiation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) that test whether HRT protects cognitive functions in women are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HRT on brain metabolite ratios when initiated in the early postmenopausal period (critical window). MATERIALS AND METHODS Proton magnetic resona...

Depletion of ovarian hormones at menopause is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Hormone loss also increases central adiposity, which promotes AD development. One strategy to improve health outcomes in postmenopausal women is estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT), though its efficacy is controversial. The window of opportunity hypothesis posits that HT is beneficial only if ...