Abstract This article offers a new interpretation of the Athenian institution ostracism and explores its significance for our understanding democratic politics. A popular scholarly trend interprets as an instrument pursuing (or regulating) conflict among aristocratic politicians, in accordance with view democracy dominated by restricted elite competing power prestige. aims to reassess this pict...

in cinema, the relationship between art and society is questioned more than other kinds of art. among all diverse approaches studying cinema, the reflection approach- believing cinema is impressed by the society. this approach is a theoretical framework of this research. the main question is how cinema reflected political demands of iranian society from 1995 to 2006. this period is noticeable c...

Representation is a key concept for parliamentary democracy. It is, however, a broader concept than is commonly believed. Representative democracy has a fourfold meaning. First, representative democracy is a depiction of the people’s will. Secondly, it is a process of deliberation and negotiation. Thirdly, representative democracy is the institutional linking mechanism between political power a...

Characterised as a bridge between the Arab-Muslim world and Black Africa; and as a melting pot where diverse ethnic, religious and language groups were related together, Sudan continues to baffle observers and analysts by protracted conflicts and crises inflicted on its population. Amid all these, major parties to the conflict accuse each other of sowing the seeds of disintegration and disunity...

their nearly seven-hundred-page volume comprehensive, except that the other two books reveal some of its limitations. Taking a wholly different approach, Jeffrey Winters’s Oligarchy is a comparative historical study ranging from the ancient world to the contemporary United States and focusing on the political power of extreme wealth—what many today think of as the “1 percent,” though what Winte...

This article joins the debate on political aspects in participatory design (PD) in Scandinavia. The article argues that the political aspect is not missing but rather inherent in current Scandinavian PD research. Democracy is brought forward as a core political ideal. It is discussed whether democracy is an outmoded political ideal and how to reach democracy. Finally, the article touches upon t...

It is not every day that a scholar stoops to defend legislatures. Oh sure, lots of political theorists rush to the defense of democracy in the abstract, but they often have little to say about actual democratic practice. By contrast, empirical political scientists (and “positive political theorists”) have lavished attention on the institutions of democratic governance such as legislatures (part...

optimal management of caspian sea to reach sustainability and a cooperative peaceful use of resources is one of the most important issues in the region. this can help reduce political tensions and create a long-lasting security in considering the conflicts. the solution will be management strategies of caspian sea with its present status quo to reach cooperation between coastal states. to offer...