UNLABELLED Intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) during thyroid surgery has gained widespread acceptance as an adjunct to the gold standard of visual identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Contrary to routine dissection of the RLN, most surgeons tend to avoid rather than routinely expose and identify the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) during thyroidect...

The superior laryngeal artery is the primary vessel providing blood supply to larynx. Commonly, it derived from thyroid artery. Different variations in origin have been described current literature; knowledge of such crucial for various surgical interventions larynx and procedures lateral region neck regarding carotid triangle. It should be noted that radiological studies, as selective angiogra...

BACKGROUND Invasive differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is relatively frequent, yet there is a paucity of specific guidelines devoted to its management. The Endocrine Committee of the American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) convened a panel to provide clinical consensus statements based on review of the literature, synthesized with the expert opinion of the group. METHODS An expert panel, selec...

Intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) during thyroid and parathyroid surgery has gained widespread acceptance as an adjunct to the gold standard of visual nerve identification. Despite the increasing use of IONM, review of the literature and clinical experience confirms there is little uniformity in application of and results from nerve monitoring across different centers. We provide a review...

AIMS The paper draws attention to the importance of rare, but important anatomical variety of nervus laryngeus recurrens, s.c. nervus laryngeus non-recurrens, for making thyroidectomy safely. Possible differences in the course of the nerve and the way of preparing the gland for minimizing the peroperation damage are presented. PATIENTS Three cases out of 1,200 operations on thyroid gland (0.2...

The low risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury frequently quoted to patients before thyroid surgery derives from expert series which are selectively reported. Rates of postoperative RLN paralysis increase substantial when postoperative laryngeal exam is performed routinely as opposed to selectively. Only routine preand postoperative laryngoscopy would allow individual surgeons/ centers ...

THE innervation and movements of the larynx have received the attention of many experimental investigators. It would be hard to find any series of results which has produced so many positively affirmed observations by many workers, with equally positive but exactly opposite results by many others. The experimental animals used have been varied and include rabbits, cats, dogs, goats, monkeys and...

A nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve variant of the inferior laryngeal nerve is very rarely seen, and surgeons should keep it in mind during thyroid surgery. Preoperative findings, like situs invertus and dysphagia lusoria, may be suggestive of a nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve. However, these findings always have not to be together with nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve, like our case.

This is the second of two articles on intraoperative neural monitoring. The aim of part one was to provide a concise overview of intraoperative nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery and its effectiveness. Part 1 included a brief review of the surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and described the surgical landmarks which can be used to identify the nerve during surgery. Part 2 will d...