expansion of urban area is a well-known phenomenon in developing countries with population growth and the migration from villages to cities being two major factors. those factors reduce the influence of efforts to limit the cities boundaries. thus, spatial planners always look for the models that simulate the expansion of urban land-uses, and enable them to prevent unbalanced expansions of citi...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was (a) to assess the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to water aerobic exercise and (b) to determine if water aerobics exercise meets the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines for improving and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS Fourteen men and women (mean +/- SD age, height, weight, body fat percentage, and maximal oxyg...

BACKGROUND Rheumatologic and geriatric scholarly organisations recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, which emphasise the usefulness of non-pharmacological therapies, are not scaled according to patient's age and physical condition. We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials on exercise and weight loss in hip and knee osteoarthritis in very old patients. M...

Land evaluation is the prediction of land performance over time under speci®c uses, to guide strategic land use decisions. Modern land evaluation has a 30 year history, yet the results have often been disappointing. Land users and planners have been reported to ignore land evaluations, perhaps re ̄ecting poor quality, low relevance, or poor communication. To test the success of a large land eval...

A welfare framework for the analysis of the spatial dimensions of sustainability is developed. It covers agglomeration effects, interregional trade, negative environmental externalities, and various land use categories. Themodel is used to compare rankings of spatial configurations according to evaluations based on social welfare and ecological footprint indicators. Five spatial configurations ...

This paper discusses the validation of the operational Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) land product which corresponds to the biophysical variable of the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR). The FAPAR value is currently and automatically estimated from MERIS data at reduced resolution and it can be computed using the full resolution using the same phys...

BACKGROUND Exercise has been found to either reduce or increase arterial stiffness. Land-based exercise modalities have been documented as effective physical therapies to decrease arterial stiffness. However, these land-based exercise modalities may not be suitable for overweight individuals, in terms of risks of joint injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week swi...

land cover information is one of the most important prerequisite in urban management system. in this way remote sensing, as the most economic technology, is mainly used to produce land cover maps. considering the complicated and dense urban areas in third world countries, object based approaches are suggested as an effective image processing technique. the purpose of this paper are the introduc...