The Link between R&D, Innovation and Productivity: Are Micro Firms Different?* We analyze the link between R&D, innovation, and productivity in MSMEs with a special focus on micro firms with fewer than 10 employees; usually constituting the majority of firms in industrialized economies. Using the German KfW SME panel, we examine to what extent micro firms are different from other firms in terms...

A partial equilibrium model is developed to investigate the interplay of production technology and the difference of market structure between upstream and downstream markets on firms’ outsourcing choice. It is found that whether outsourcing or vertical integration emerges as the optimal organizational structure depends not only on the cost structure of competing upstream firms, but also on the ...

Amaç: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Okabe) Young, Dye and Wilkie, domates bitkisinde bakteriyel benek olarak bilinen hastalığa neden olur. Hastalığın mücadelesinde bakırlı preparatlar kullanılmakla birlikte, son yıllarda kullanılan preparatlara karşı hastalık etmeninin dayanıklılık geliştirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamaları kapsamında kimyasallara alternatif çe...

<p>The government of Kenya’s broad target for enhancing manufacturing is to increase the share gross domestic product from 8.4% 15% create more jobs but remains a mirage owing poor performance sector over years where instance, declined 3.5% in 2019 compared 4.4% 2018. Studies globally, regionally and locally have been conducted establish how macroeconomic variables affect profitability co...

This paper joins the debate of why Chinese manufacturing has experienced a significant catch-up. We estimate the cost and non-cost competitiveness of China and other 12 countries‟ manufacturing between 1970-2008 in three steps: firstly providing an overview of the method to analyzing competitiveness, secondly identifying factors that affect it, at last carrying out empirical studies. At outset,...

We generated a large number of mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core gene inserted into a bacterial expression vector. The new mutagenesis procedure generated deletions and insertions (as sequence repeats) of various lengths at random positions between M1 and E145 but not substitutions. The R-rich 30-amino-acid C-terminal domain was not analyzed. A total of 50,000 colonies were tested w...

Despite its widespread use, the Coale–Demeny model life table system does not capture the extensive variation in age-specific mortality patterns observed in contemporary populations, particularly those of the countries of Eastern Europe and populations affected by HIV/AIDS. Although relational mortality models, such as the Brass logit system, can identify these variations, these models show sys...

The Naval Research Laboratory’s spectral element atmospheric model (NSEAM) for scalable computer architectures is presented. This new dynamical core is based on a high-order spectral element (SE) method in space and uses semi-implicit methods in time based on either the traditional second-order leapfrog (LF2) or second-order backward difference formulas (BDF2). The novelties of NSEAM are: it is...

Measurement of Globalization and Its Variations Among Countries, Regions and Over Time The process of globalization is an international economic order which has led to the progressive integration of the world economy through the pulling the barrier of trade and greater mobility of factors of production. In addition the technological innovation also provides impetus to the progressive integratio...