In Kenya, there is evident declining results in the Tea sector regard to competitor’s prices from competing countries, commitment of workers and declarations bonuses. On same note, although tea earns country second largest share export, has been inefficiency production insufficient demand for sale volume over last decade. The study aimed determine effect leadership competencies on Company’s per...

We examine the e¤ect of US branch banking deregulations on the entry size of new …rms using micro-data from the US Census Bureau. We …nd that the average entry size for startups did not change following the deregulations. However, among …rms that survived at least four years, a greater proportion of …rms entered either at their maximum size or closer to the maximum size in the …rst year. The ma...

The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization among Informal Firms in Sri Lanka The majority of firms in most developing countries are informal. We conducted a field experiment in Sri Lanka which provided incentives for informal firms to formalize. Offering only information about the registration process and reimbursement for direct registration costs had no impact on formalization. Adding...

This paper uses SSBF data to better understand how the owners of small firms use decisions about legal organization, firm size, capital structure, and owner investment in the firm to manage firm risk. The main findings are: Firms with unlimited liability are smaller, both when measured by assets and number of employees, and tend to be less leveraged than those whose owners limit their personal ...

The gender gap in entrepreneurship is well-documented. Firms founded by females raise significantly less start-up capital, which hurts their chances of success. There is empirical evidence that the gap can be partially explained by factors in the financial industry and by female entrepreneurs’ preferences for particular types of financing. A new method of acquiring startup capital, equity crowd...

It’s the Opportunity Cost, Stupid! How Self-Employment Responds to Financial Incentives of Return, Risk and Skew There is no robust empirical support for the effect of financial incentives on the decision to work in self-employment rather than as a wage earner. In the literature, this is seen as a puzzle. We offer a focus on the opportunity cost, i.e. the wages given up as an employee. Informat...

One of the most salient and relevant dimensions of team heterogeneity is ethnicity. We measure the causal e ect of ethnic diversity on the performance of business (start-up) teams using a randomized eld experiment. We follow 550 students who set up 45 real companies as part of their curriculum in an international business program in the Netherlands. We exploit the fact that companies are set up...

The Journal of Economic Literature codes classification system (JEL) published by the American Association (AEA) is de facto standard for research literature in economics. JEL used to classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and working papers EconLit, a database maintained AEA. Over time, it has evolved extended with over 850 subclasses. This paper reviews history development sys...