Water-soluble ions such as sulfate may have great impacts on atmospheric pollution. To determine the deposition effect of PM2.5 sulfates, the major PM2.5 constituents, in the forest canopy in Beijing, China, an investigation was carried out in an urban forest, Olympic Forest Park, and a suburban forest, Jiufeng National Forest Park. We measured the vertical distributions of sulfate by using mon...

As software systems grow in size and complexity, so does the di culty of understanding and maintaining them. Research in software understanding attempts to mitigate this problem by making various aspects of software development more visible, accessible, and comprehensible. In this paper we propose a hypertext-based approach to software visualization in which navigation in software-space is mode...

Twenty-nine species belonging to 4 genera of mosquitoes are reported for Yellowstone National Park. W.Y. (USA). Phenology, local distribution, and ecology of each species are addressed along with taxonomic notes on certain species. Merinithid (nematode) parasitism of some of the park's Aedes species is also discussed.

The elephant population in Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, is growing rapidly. To prevent damage to the Park’s ecosystems, the management has culled about 7% of the population annually. Such culls are very controversial. At first glance, contraceptives seem an attractive alternative means of control. We examine contraception as a management option, review the relevant aspects of...

In the present study, the Tangrah region located in the vicinity of GolestanNational Park was selected for exploring the changes in the amount of the secondaryessential of hypericin in Hypericum perforatum in different highlands of the easternGolestan province. The aerial flowered parts of the herb were collected randomly and inthree replications from four altitudes of 300 m, 600 m, 900 m, and ...

Based on the floristic study of rust fungus flora (Uredinales) ofGolestan National Park, located in the Northeast of Iran, 68 rust taxa were recognized. Of these, one subspecies and five species viz. Phragmidium sanguisorbae subsp. mediterraneum on Sanguiosorba minor, Puccinia difformis on Galium aparine, P. jasmini on Jasminum fruticans, P. rhylismoides on Thalictrum isopyroides, Uromyces mogi...

ecosystems is challenging because park managers cannot accurately determine ecosystem states and predict the outcomes of management actions due to uncertainty. Four sources of uncertainty arise. First, variability in social, demographic, ecological, and economic factors makes it difficult to infer the state of an ecosystem from observed conditions and predict ecosystem responses to management a...

Despite comprising only 2.2% of the area of the Northern Territory, estuaries are major repositories of biodiversity; 40% of all fishes recorded from the Northern Territory occur in estuaries and 33% of all northern Australian freshwater fishes require access to estuaries to breed. Estuaries are vital nursery areas for many fish species including many that are of economic importance. Importantl...