The success of many vaccines relies on their association with selected adjuvants in order to increase their immunogenicity and ensure long-term protection. Propolis is a natural compounds, are mostly known for their immunostimulatory  properties. In this study the adjuvant effects of propolis in combination with formalin-killed A. hydrophila vaccine in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluat...

Prophylactic immunisation against infectious disease has been the most successful medical intervention yet in reducing mortality. From the introduction of vaccination against smallpox at the end of the eighteenth century, there has been continuous progress in producing safe and effective vaccines against a number of common diseases. These vaccines were bacterial toxoids (diphtheria and tetanus)...

Immunogenic killed vaccine against African Horse Sickness can ce prepared from a neurotropic vaccine strain or a virulent strain of virus, type 9, grown in a monkey kidney stable cell line. Virus was inactiv:ttd with either formaldehyde in a final concentration of 1 :8000 or j3-propiolactone at 0.2 per cent. In order to enhance the immunogenicty of the product, aluminium hydroxide was added to ...

That the degree of immunity to B. enteritidis infection induced by enteritidis (acetone-killed and heat-killed) and by typhoid (acetone-killed) vaccines does not correlate with the content of the O agglutinin to appear in the sera of the immunized groups has been reported3. It was further shown that although both types of the enteritidis vaccine excited the formation of 0 agglutinins to nearly ...

We report the effect of various chemicals, vaccines and immunostimulants on innate immune mechanisms such as phagocytosis activity, superoxide anion production of blood leukocytes, complement activity and plasma lysozyme activity and disease resistance in goldfish Carassius auratus (23 +/- 2 g) against Aeromonas hydrophila on Days 15 and 30 post-infection. In infected fish, the administration o...