Urea is one of the final products of protein metabolism. In clinical analysis and dairy industry urea is a very significant parameter as excess in blood serum from its permissible range causes dysfunction of the kidney. Hence, its analysis is significant and is carried out frequently in various laboratories [1, 2]. Urea is an omnipresent compound present in blood and various organic fluids. It ...

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) restores hearing in patients with damaged auditory nerves. One of the main ideas to improve the efficacy of ABIs is to increase spatial specificity of stimulation, in order to minimize extra-auditory side-effects and to maximize the tonotopy of stimulation. This study reports on the development of a microfabricated conformable electrode array with small (100...

The synthesis these past few years of novel organic molecules that spontaneously 9 self-assemble into a large variety of molecular architecture, particularly generating organogels, has 10 opened up new horizons for preparing functional materials. Here, we present an original 11 preparation path of such materials through the making of hybrid gels of these molecules together 12 with covalent poly...

A polymer film electrode can be defined as an electrochemical system in which at least three phases are contacted successively in such a way that between a first-order conductor (usually a metal) and a second-order conductor (usually an electrolyte solution) is an electrochemically active polymer layer. The polymer layer is more or less stably attached to the metal, mainly by adsorption (adhesi...

In this study the sensing capabilities of a combination of metals and conducting polymer electrodes for drinking water and dissolved tastants using an AC-impedance mode in frequency range 10 to 10 Hz at 0.1 V potential has been carried out. Classification of seven different bottled and municipal drinking water samples along with various tastants dissolved in DI water (DI water) for KCl (5mM) (s...

The discovery of conducting polymers by MacDiarmid, Shirakawa and Heeger in 1977 has generated enormous interest in π-conjugated macromolecules.[1] Since then, their unique properties such as the metal-insulator transition induced by doping-undoping process, controllable optoelectronic property through molecular design and attractive mechanical properties and processing advantages have stimulat...