Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an international public health problem affecting about 5–10% of the population. KDOQI guidelines highlight importance measuring parathyroid hormone levels annually once diagnosed with CKD. If are maintained within target range, then various complications can be prevented by adequate treatment. 1. To measure Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline phosphatase and in patient...

D uring the past decade, the integration of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) and maintenance intravenous iron therapy into standard anemia management protocols has significantly altered the treatment of anemia in patients who are on hemodialysis (HD). Hemoglobin levels have increased inexorably and now average almost 12 g/dl (1). The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Qual...

In response to the recently released 2012 KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury (AKI), the National Kidney Foundation organized a group of US experts in adult and pediatric AKI and critical care nephrology to review the recommendations and comment on their relevancy in the context of current US clinical practice and concerns. The f...

INTRODUCTION: Hemodialysis is a medical procedure to artificially replace the functions of kidney, particularly its role filter and excrete various substances such as electrolytes, salts, metabolic breakdowns, inactive or active drugs, toxins. The quality hemodialysis can be objectively measured using recirculation rate (R%) calculation. Recirculation describes condition when dialyzed blood ree...

BACKGROUND Anemia is a common condition in CKD that has been identified as a cardiovascular (CV) risk factor in end-stage renal disease, constituting a predictor of low survival. The aim of this study was to define the onset of anemia of renal origin and its association with the evolution of kidney disease and clinical outcomes in stage 3 CKD (CKD-3). METHODS This epidemiological, prospective...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Advanced kidney disease is a major health problem due to its association with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of advanced kidney disease is the mainstay to avoid its progression. Since metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are risk factors for both cardiovascular and advanced kidney disease, we investigated the relationship of early...

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is usually slowly progressive and irreversible impairment of the functional unit of the kidney – the nephron. According to the agreed and established criteria (National Kidney Foundation / Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative – NKF / KDOQI) there is a five-stage classification, so that in I stage glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 90 mL/min/1.73m and morphologi...