Toluene diisocyanate was conjugated by two different methods to human serum albumin. These conjugates were used as antigens in the radio-allergo-sorbent-test (RAST) for detection of IgE antibodies in sera of isocyanate-sensitized persons. Chemical analyses have shown that conjugates containing 18-28 mol of isocyanate residues per mol protein were more potent antigens than those containing great...

An efficient method for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and triflates with sodium cyanate is reported. The protocol allows for the synthesis of unsymmetrical N,N'-di- and N,N,N'-trisubstituted ureas in one pot and is tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. Insight into the mechanism of aryl isocyanate formation was gleaned through studies of the transmetalation and r...

Although the antitumor effects of chloroethylnitrosoureas have been shown to be due primarily to DNA-DNA cross-linking by the alkylating moieties of these agents, the basis of the often accompanying bone marrow toxicity has been more controversial. We report on the relative bone marrow toxicity of four model nitrosoureas with different alkylating and carbamoylating activities: 1,3-bis(2-chloroe...

Particleboard and solid wood stakes were treated with either an isocyanate or phenol formaldehyde resin and exposed in soil beds comprising three different soil types and two moisture contents. The treatments resulted in a marked improvement in the dimensional stability of particleboard but had no effect on solid wood. Higher moisture uptakes in stakes exposed in sandy soils indicated that the ...

A recently developed empirical dispersion correction (Grimme et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104) to standard density functional theory (DFT-D3) is implemented in the plane-wave program package VASP. The DFT-D3 implementation is compared with an implementation of the earlier DFT-D2 version (Grimme, J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1463; Grimme, J. Comput. Chem. 2006, 27, 1787). Summation of empi...

Graphite oxide constitutes carbon network with oxygen atoms both on hexagonal arrangement and the edge sites. Structural and electronic properties for graphite-oxygen complexes have been explored using first-principles total-energy calculations within the local density approximation (LDA). Band structures and density of states for the propose carbon 3D models are reported. A finite energy gap and...

There is significant and growing interest in better understanding hierarchy the international system, especially relation to intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Acknowledging existence of a system implies that there are different social positions (higher/lower), but not why or how specific differentiation came be used, nor it structured, contested resolved. This article interested contribut...

BACKGROUND Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) ...