The growth modes of Ge islands on SiNx -covered Si with and without a surfactant Sb layer are studied by scanning tunnelling microscopy. It is observed that on SiNx /Si(111), Sb cannot enhance the coverage of (111) facets of Ge islands, which are the dominant features in the late stage of Ge overlayer growth when Sb is not used. However, on SiNx /Si(001), Sb favours the growth of Ge(001) facets...

Distributed generation is a form of electric power privatization. Consumers install their own power station to supply the local loads and/or share in the utility loads. Many protective problems have been developed due to the existence of these distributed generations. However, a protective strategy should be developed to protect the system and the generator itself from different hazards. One pr...

abstract: in this paper a control scheme for grid-connected operation mode and the island state of distributed generation is presented. in normal conditions, every inverter dg system in micro-grids to supply a preset power, normally operate in a constant current control mode. when micro-grids removed from the network, dg inverter of each system must recognize the island and change position to v...

Recently, a new islanding detection scheme based on power electronic signaling technology has been proposed in the literature. By broadcasting a signal on the distribution feeders from the substation to the down-stream DGs, the absence of the signal at the DG site will be a sign of islanding. The scheme is more reliable than regular local detection techniques while it costs much less than trans...

Controlled islanding is considered to be the last countermeasure to prevent system-wide blackouts in case of cascading failures. It splits the system into self-sustained islands to maintain transient stability at the expense of possible loss of load. Generator coherence identification is critical to controlled islanding scheme as it helps identify the optimal cutset to maintain system transient...

As the development of smart grid, more and more distributed generations (DGs) are introduced to the distribution networks in the power system. This paper presents a Monte Carlo method for calculating the reliability of the distribution system with DGs. To begin with, the models of DGs and the islanding schemes are discussed. Applying Monte Carlo stimulation, the paper puts forward a new method ...

Recently, the penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) at medium and low voltages in utility networks is increasing in developed countries and takes special place for them worldwide. Due to the DGs advantages, including use of Renewable Energy which do not pollute environment and has endless nature, the application of DGs can potentially reduce the need for traditional system expansion, contr...

Single-phase grid tied inverter is one among types of inverters widely used in photovoltaic generation system due to the advantages they offer. This paper describes model and simulation of such inverter in operation as distributed generation in electrical power system under Islanding Phenomena. The role of current or voltage control and associated mechanism in photovoltaic inverter such as phot...