constipation isa common clinical problem that can be functional or organic in origin. thiscondition sometimes overlaps with irritable bowel syndrome. initially, theclinician should differentiate between true and false constipation by clinicaland preclinical evidence such as colonic transit time. numerous patients believethat all defecation problems are called constipation and use laxatives with...

bipolar disorder is a mental disease that can be presented as irritable mood with affective storms, mixed symptoms of depression and mania, rapid cycles, emotional labiality and irritability during all episodes. â confirmed positive familial history of the disease is the single most robust risk factor for developing the illness. this report presents 5.5 years-old girl with the symptoms of bipol...

Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal illness, defined by symptoms. Irritable bowel syndrome has been described as a biopsychosocial condition, in which colonic dysfunction is affected by psychological and social factors. As a result of this unusual constellation, irritable bowel syndrome may be subject to cultural variables that differ in different parts of the globe. In th...

In this manuscript we summarize the role of chronic stress as a potential trigger factor for Parkinson's disease. Underlying mechanisms and stress-induced changes to the neuronal networks have been highlighted. Examples of stress induced reversible symptoms that resemble parkinsonism in humans and in animal models raise the question whether emotional stress can cause striatal degeneration in su...

Pymatuning Lake, located on the Pennsylvania/Ohio border, is noted for the large numbers of bread-eating carp that frequent the Linesville Causeway "carp bowl" from May to November. Carp were trapped in 1952 and 1984 at the carp bowl, tagged, and relocated varying distances away from the bowl in Sanctuary, Middle, and Lower lakes. Carp traversed the return distances of up to 9 km in less than 4...

Objective: The use of smaller dishware as a way of reducing food consumption has intuitive appeal and is recommended to the general public. Recent experimental studies have failed to find an effect of plate size on food intake, although the methods used across studies have varied. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect that bowl size had on snack food consumption in a ‘typical’ ...

In Drosophila, antennae and legs are serially homologous appendages, and yet they develop into organs of very different structure and function. This implies that different genetic mechanisms operate onto a common developmental ground state to produce antennae and legs. Still few such mechanisms have been uncovered. During leg development, bowl, a member of the odd-skipped gene family, has been ...