OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite adjusted to pH 12, 7.5, and 6.5 in human root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis. STUDY DESIGN One hundred sixty-five human single-rooted teeth were prepared and inoculated with E. faecalis for 48 h. Teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups according to the irrigation pattern used...

In recent years, irrigating agricultural land with wastewater has become a major wastewater management practice. Irrigation has replaced much of the discharge to streams and conventional primary and secondary waste treatment for food processing wastewater (4, 11, 12, 13). Irrigating agricultural land for treatment and disposal of the food processing wastewater is a good practice if the wastewat...

Multiple cost sharing rules often coexist in seemingly identical environments. We use shared irrigation costs as a context for examining the extent to which the structural environment explains the selection of a cost-sharing rule. We find that environmental factors affecting the costs and benefits derived from irrigation, as well as those determining the distribution of irrigators along the irr...

The smear layer was first described by McComb in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) study. The smear layer consists of organic and inorganic substances, including fragments of odontoblastic processes, dentinal shaving, microorganisms, and necrotic materials. Presence of this smear layer prevents penetration of intracanal medication into the irregularities of the root canal system and the dent...

Local debridement in the diseased pulp space is the main step in root canal treatment to prevent the tooth from being a source of infection. In this review article, requirements for irrigating solutions, chlorhexidine as an endodontic irrigant, its mechanism of action, characteristics like substansivity, adhering property to dentin and new formulations which are chlorhexidine based are spelled ...

BACKGROUND Debridement and disinfection of the root canal system is a crucial step in endodontic procedures. The effectiveness of irrigation relies on both the mechanical flushing action and the ability of irrigants to dissolve tissue and kill bacteria. The objective of the present study is to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of QMix™ root canal irrigating solution on immortalized human bo...