We study the effect of environmental risk on the extraction of a common resource. Using a dynamic and non-cooperative game in which an environmental event impacts the renewability and the quality of the resource, we show that the anticipation of such an event has an ambiguous effect on extraction and the tragedy of the commons. A risk of a reduction in the renewability induces the agents to ext...

In this paper I study a tragedy-of-the-commons model: a small open economy composed of different groups that compete for access to government resources and a government can save and borrow from risk-neutral foreigners. I show that the same economic forces that generate overspending in a tragedy-of-the-commons model can also guarantee that a small open economy repays its sovereign obligations. T...

The thalidomide tragedy in the late 1950s was a watershed moment for pharmaceutical regulation. New uses for this medication are being researched and implemented today. This article revisits the history of thalidomide and its consequences for regulation and for victims' rights in Brazil, based on a literature review, documentary analysis, and newspaper reports. The events highlighted herein sho...

BACKGROUND Anthropological studies based on highly polymorphic HLA genes provide useful information for bone marrow donor registry, forensic medicine, disease association studies, as well as designing peptide vaccines against tumors, and infectious or autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the genetic relationship of Iranian Arabs and Jews using HLA-class II gen...

The continuous integration development trend of China urban agglomerations will not only further promote economic development but also cause the loss of the natural buffer zone which could protect the regional environment, leading to the combined effects of environmental pollution. Hardin’s “Tragedy of the Commons”, “Prisoner’s Dilemma”, Olson’s “Logic of Collective Action”, and other theoretic...

This paper develops mathematical models of the tragedy of the commons analogous to ecological models of resource consumption. Tragedies differ fundamentally from predator–prey relationships in nature because human consumers of a resource are rarely controlled solely by that resource. Tragedies do occur, however, at the level of the ecosystem, where multiple species interactions are involved. Hu...

Howmicromotives, the microstructural features of interactions, and macrobehavior are related is a fundamental question in all social sciences. In this article we argue that laboratory experiments are a useful tool to study this question, because the experimenter can measure motivations, manipulate microstructures, and sometimes even exploit variation in the macrosocial environment. We illustrat...

The wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo were perpretrated by a radical nationalist Serbian cultural political consciousness that the American cultural political consciousness and leadership had difficulty responding to and understanding. There is a great cultural divide between a 'pathology' in Serbian culture, Milosević's radical nationalism, and a humane 'naivete' in American cultural consciou...

This paper presents a novel mathematical model for the TCP Tragedy of the Commons, using Game Theory concepts. This tragedy may appear in a TCP/IP based network when hosts do not respect the protocol rules and try to monopolize the shared network resources by using a selfish strategy. Our model quantifies the effects of this evil behavior in a simple and standard network topology and allows obt...

The accident in the Rasa mines of 28 February 1940 was the greatest tragedy in the history of mining in Istria; an explosion, most likely fuellled by methane and coal dust, claimed 185 lives and injured over a hundred people. Documentation made available by the courtesy of Zdravko Hrastnik, a collector from Labin, and the archieves of the Vicenza town hospital shed some light on this tragedy an...