the purpose of this study is to assess the transaction cost of borrowing from non-governmental investment development funds which are established in less than a decade. transaction costs are considered as significant and limiting factors for micro-borrowers in using formal loans. the required data are provided by the investment developing support’s parent company using the stratified random sam...

Let G be a finitely generated group and E 5 E 1 < E 2 1 a finite generating system . Define the E -length l E ( g ) of g P G as the minimum length of a representation of g as a product of elements in E , and define f E ( n ) as the number of elements in G with E -length equal to n . We will say that a finitely generated group has polynomial growth if there exists an integer k such that f E ( n ...

Economists have observed a shift in productivity growth from IT-producing to IT-using industries after the dot-com bust, but the causes of this shift remain unexplained. This paper uses fine-grained data on IT labor movements from online resume databases to track the flow of skills out of IT producing firms after the dot-com bust, and to test the hypothesis that a reallocation of these technica...

This paper explores the efficiency of UK specialist and composite insurers transacting general insurance business. The concept of efficiency concerns an insurer’s ability to produce a given set of outputs (such as premiums and investment income) via the use of inputs such as administrative and sales staff and financial capital. An insurer is said to be technically efficient if it cannot reduce ...

An ERP system is a system that needs to create integrated solutions in order to manage the bulk of operations inside a company or organization. Also ERP system is a critical and important investment that can affect the overall performance of a company. Open source ERP systems are often targeted when the needs of a company are not fully covered by a standard software edition. In this article we ...

This paper applies real options theory to establish an overseas oil investment evaluation model that is based on Monte Carlo simulation and is solved by the Least Squares Monte-Carlo method. To better reflect the reality of overseas oil investment, our model has incorporated not only the uncertainties of oil price and investment cost but also the uncertainties of exchange rate and investment en...

Sweden has adopted ambitious energy savings objectives for buildings, but at the current rate of energy efficiency investments the objectives are unlikely to be reached. In this article we report the early findings of how real estate owners reason and act in energy efficiency investment decisions. Based on the results from interviews with the real estate companies, the companies have been divid...

Insurance companies invest their wealth in financial markets. The wealth evolution strongly depends on the success of their investment strategies, but also on liquidity shocks which occur during unfavourable years, when indemnities to be paid to the clients exceed collected premia. An investment strategy that does not take liquidity shocks into account, exposes insurance companies to the risk o...