To measure economic discrimination, one must be able to measure the productive capacity of people, the opportunity structure they face, and outcomes in the form of income and earnings. The first two are difficult to measure but crucial to any assertion that discrimination exists. To illustrate the uses and limits of statistical analysis to overcome these difficulties, two case studies of ethnic...

The provisions for child support reform in the Family Support Act of 1988 are likely to have a large impact upon the well-being of children eligible for child support, a group expected to include half of the children in the country. The reform is expected to increase child support payments and thereby reduce the economic insecurity and poverty of children who live apart from a parent. It is als...

An important exception to improvements in the relative socioeconomic status of blacks during recent decades is increased levels of joblessness among black youths relative to whites. Despite the many proposed explanations for this trend) few reconcile worsening employment status for black youths with concomitant improvements in other socioeconomic indicators. Three mechanisms that link reduced s...

This paper proposes a pragmatic alliance between critical realism and non-parametric statistical techniques in pursuit of causal explanations of economic phenomena by retroductive means. The alliance depends on clarifying the interpretive requirements for forming categories as nominal or classificatory scales or as ordinal or ranking scales. It also depends on establishing the scope of demi-reg...

Risk ranking of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) for gas and oil wells is a key criterion in the project feasibility, pricing and for introducing a risk management strategy that aims to reduce the number of failures in the installation phase and its negative consequences. HDD is currently widely used in drilling wells in Iran, but research in the area of identification and risks ranking of...

The maintenance of the secretory response requires a continuous replenishment releasable vesicles. It was proposed that immediately pool (IRP) is important in chromaffin cell secretion during action potentials applied at basal physiological frequencies, because proximity IRP vesicles to voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. However, previous reports showed after depletion too slow manage such situat...

Application software development for High-Performance Parallel Computing (HPC) is a non-trivial process; its complexity can be primarily attributed to the increased degrees of freedom that have to be resolved and tuned in such an environment. Performance prediction tools enable a developer to evaluate available design alternatives and can assist in HPC application software development. In this ...

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the leading cause of diseases related to reproductive health and iron plays important role in chlamydial pathogenesis. Iron homeostasis in chlamydia-infected cells is not clear thus far. This study shows that expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) is downregulated, whereas expression of the ferritin heavy chain is upregulated in CT-infected HeLa-229 cells. Ex...

Measurements of pupillary reactivity and size were recorded using neutral density filters and infrared pupillometry (IRP) in a prospective masked study of acute central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) to quantify the two methods of measurement and to compare their value in the prediction of rubeosis. Thirty two patients were examined within 45 days of disease onset. The mean relative afferent pup...