In January 1999, a team of Finnish forensic experts under the mandate of the European Union (EU forensic expert team, EU-FET) performed forensic investigations in a sovereign state, in Kosovo, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). The team served as a neutral participant in the forensic investigation of victims of an incident at Racak, which was receiving considerable international attentio...

Hovering over the peace negotiations in progress in former Yugoslavia is the international community's determination to bring to trial as war criminals those political and military leaders responsible for atrocities in Bosnia. The question clearly presented is that, however desirable the idea of war crimes accountability might appear in the abstract, pursuing the goal of a war crimes tribunal m...

This dissertation is a study into the casuistry of substantive international criminal law. It analyses how international criminal courts use the facts of individual cases to shape and develop individual criminal liability for international crimes – that is, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and the crime of aggression. Chapter I is the prologue to the study. It sketches the backgrou...

Provisions on international cooperation of states for the purpose maintaining peace and security are fundamental in system norms contained UN Charter. War as a means resolving disputesis prohibited by law. According to Clause 4 Art. 2 Charter «all members United Nations shall refrain their relations from threat or use force, both against territorial integrity political independence any state, o...

This article examines the interpretation of definition slavery/ enslavement by International Criminal Court (ICC) in Ongwen case (2021) and its application to facts at hand. examination is warranted because represents first which ICC was tasked with deciding whether crime had been committed. illustrates that has outward-looking, finding judgments other courts largely featured reasoning when int...

At the International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), a detention camp guard, charged with acts of murder and torture, advanced a plea of diminished responsibility. Defense psychiatrists testified that he had a personality disorder that influenced his ability to control his behavior, but a prosecution expert testified that the guard did not meet Diagnostic and Statistical M...

This article discusses sanctions for and the prevention of mass violence. But rather than take a classic approach centred on statutory players such as soldiers, officers or political leaders, all of them acting within a legal chain of command, I focus on nonstate perpetrators. My reflections are based on case studies of four former Serbian militiamen who took part in mass violence in the former...

Abstract The most relevant collection for studying the wars accompanying breakup of Yugoslavia, which resulted in over 130,000 dead or missing, is archive International Criminal Tribunal Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Hague. established by UN Security Council 1993 to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity, and war indicted 161 people had accumulated millions pages testimony, military police repo...

Abstract The post-World War II International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg is commonly considered the first-ever international criminal tribunal. It also often argued that very idea of an tribunal emerged after World I, when first plans for such a were drawn up. This article, however, presents different account. shows tribunals did not have to wait their conception until I; nor they come into ...