This study groups third-party conflict management techniques (CMTs) into binding and non-binding approaches to examine whether how their sequence and, in more detail, changes therein explain th...

Abstract. This article examines conflict of laws issues related to issue and circulation international bonds at capital markets. It covers characteristic features as financial instruments used for raising from sophisticated investors which determine, in particular, peculiarities solving issues. These include determination the law applicable formal essential validity an bond, rights liabilities ...

Liberal scholars in the international relations discipline argue that peace among nations would be the consequence of three complementary influences. First, republican constitutions eliminate autocratic caprice in waging war. Second, “an understanding of the legitimate rights of all citizens and of all republics comes into play” with the spread of democracy. This creates a moral foundation for ...

Background: In all wars, the only group that suffers even more than the military is the civilians, because they are the target of these conflicts due to their physiological condition, and because they are less able to defend themselves, they are more at risk than others. Individuals are exposed and more exposed to violence and violations of rights and freedoms than any other individual or group...

We consider social contracts for resolving conflicts between two agents who are uncertain about each other’s fighting potential. Applications include international conflict, litigation, and elections. Even though only a peaceful agreement avoids a loss of resources, if this loss is small enough, then any contract must assign a positive probability of conflict. We show how the likelihood of conf...