The organizational economics literature provides two primary arguments for vertically integrating a factor of production: incentives for investment in relationship-specific assets and improved coordination due to less bargaining activity (and other factors). Although there is now a well-established body of empirical work investigating investments in specific assets, there is almost no empirical...

Purpose Due to the ever-increasing competitive and complex business environments, food manufacturing companies have maintain high-quality products while simultaneously minimizing customers' costs. Cost of quality (COQ) plays a crucial role in enhancing companies' efficiency reducing expenditures that can contribute performance. This paper investigates underlying relationship between level COQ p...

publicpolicies are the functions of the political systems for the national sovereignty. governments govern national wills under public policies. if the legislative version of these public policies be provided upon the scientific and political considerations it still remains useless unless it could pass the implementation stage successfully. the implementation of the public policies is the main ...

In order to achieve integrated condition in the girth welding of high pressure natural gas transmission pipelines, the weld zones and its surrounding area should have good mechanical properties. Residual stresses are an important defect especially in the girth welding of the pipeline. In this study, two API X70 steel pipes (with spiral seam weld) of 56 inches outside diameter and 0.780 inch wal...

In the development of real-time communicating hardware/embedded-software systems, it is frequently the case that we want to refine/optimize the system’s internal behavior while preserving the external timed I/O behavior. In such a design refinement, modification of the systems’ internal branching structures, as well as re-scheduling of internal actions, may frequently occur. Our goal is, then, ...