In a randomized experiment comparing two treatments, there is interference between units if applying the treatment to one unit may affect other units. Interference implies that treatment effects are not comparisons of two potential responses that a unit may exhibit, one under treatment and the other under control, but instead are inherently more complex. Interference is common in social setting...

background: recently, it has been indicated that x-ray coherent scatter from biological tissues can be used to access signature of tissue. some scientists are interested in studying this effect to get early detection of breast cancer. since experimental methods for optimization are time consuming and expensive, some scientists suggest using simulation. monte carlo (mc) codes are the best option...

a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determinationof vanadium (iv). the method is based on the catalytic effect of v (iv) on the oxidation of alkali blue bypotassium bromate at ph 4. the rate of decrease in the absorbance of alkali blue (at 572 nm) wasproportional to the concentration of v (iv) in the range of 100-6000 ng ml-1. the detection limit wa...

This paper provides an analytical derivation of the probability density function of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio in the scenario where mobile stations interfere with each other. This analysis considers cochannel interference and adjacent channel interference. This could also remove the need for Monte Carlo simulations when evaluating the interference effect between mobile stations. N...

The impact of distributed antennas using co-phasing transmission diversity on downlinkCDMAchannels is examined.An expression is derived that demonstrates that uniform downlink signal-to-interference ratio across users can be achieved by appropriately weighting the distribution of transmit powers across distributed antennas. The capacity of a downlink CDMA system employing distributed antennas w...

The relative phase between spatially separated component waves of a single photon can be measured by joint interference with a second photon emitted by a known source. In the case of a single such phase (i.e. two component waves), the probability for a successful measurement is one half. This method can be implemented with current experimental techniques.

In order to solve the question that the photoelectric detection system is vulnerable to environmental factors in complex environment, which affects the detection of target recognition, and then the detection capability of the system is reduced. The double light path detection target recognition method is proposed. This research aims to study the characteristics of output signal that Raindrops a...

A matter wave ghost imaging mechanism is proposed and demonstrated theoretically. This mechanism is based on the Talbot-Lau effect. Periodic gratings of matter wave density, which appear as a result of interference of atoms diffracted by pulses of an optical standing wave, are utilized to produce the reference wave and the signal wave simultaneously for the ghost imaging. An advantage of this m...

Recording of gratings by interference of two pump pulses and diffraction of a third probe pulse is useful for investigating ultrafast material phenomena. We demonstrate, in theory and experiment, that the temporal resolution in such configurations does not degrade appreciably even for large angular separation between the pump pulses. Transient Kerr gratings are generated inside calcium fluoride...

The apparent value of the measured J-coupling is affected by transverse cross-correlated relaxation between dipolar interaction and chemical shift anisotropy. This effect counteracts the decrease in the apparent value of J resulting from self-decoupling caused by longitudinal relaxation, thereby bringing the measured J-coupling closer to its true value. In addition to the dynamic frequency shif...