BACKGROUND When prearranged standard surgical trays contain instruments that are repeatedly unused, the redundancy can result in unnecessary health care costs. Our objective was to estimate potential savings by performing an economic evaluation comparing the cost of surgical trays with redundant instruments with surgical trays with reduced instruments ("reduced trays"). METHODS We performed a...

Whereas John Hunter (1728-93) the anatomist, zoologist, physiologist, pathologist and museum collector receives unceasing eulogy, his work as a practising surgeon is curiously neglected. As far as can be determined, there are no studies devoted to his instruments and operative technique before a personal investigation in 1991, perhaps for the good reason that these would prove inconclusive. Nev...

This study on prisoners' diseases and food conditions in the early days of operation of the Casa de Prisão com Trabalho (labor penitentiary) in Salvador, Bahia, analyzes prisoner strategies for obtaining medical treatment and decent food. In their resistance and struggle to achieve more breathing room within the new prison model, which authorities hoped to implement at Bahia's first penitentiar...

This article explores the relationship between individuals’ media use during incarceration and their re-entry experience. Previous research suggests that mass media may facilitate the transition from prison to the free world because they can normalise life in the penitentiary and keep prisoners informed about major events and developments in society. The findings of a quantitative study into th...

in every society the optimal performance of economic system is depened upon two efjkient, powerful and administered sections: real and financial. the existence of different institutions in financial markets make different financial instruments available to real section. investment companies are among active financial institutions which collect small amounts ofcapital by selling thier shares and...

given in full, with their reasons for assigning the punishment for life only :? " We have ready made to our hands a weapon of tremendous power. The horror with which the people regard transportation is a feeling born with them, and the questions whether it bo a wise or foolish feeling, whether it be a just deduction from true premises, or the result of ignorance and superstition, are nothing to...