We develop averaged instrumental variables estimators as a way to deal with many weak instruments. We propose a weighted average of the preliminary k-class estimators, where each estimator is obtained using different subsets of the available instrumental variables. The averaged estimators are shown to be consistent and to satisfy asymptotic normality. Furthermore, its approximate mean squared e...

According to instrumental proceduralism, political power is justified when it the output of a reliable procedure. In this paper, I examine how procedures are supposed confer normative properties. Based on assessment, conclude that many proceduralists set reliability bar too low. Next, motivate two additional requirements for procedures. introduce notion “predictable” procedural failure and argu...

The study surveys the conceptions of philosophical heuristics J. Baggini and P. S. Fosl, D. Dennett, A. Hájek, R. Nozick. All surveyed in are instrumental. Nozick’s Hájek’s ought to be considered “authentic” because Nozick Hájek called them “the heuristics.” Those aim solve (philosophical) problems rooted Decision theory. Dennett’s “philosophical heuristics” according H?jek’s classification is ...

This paper concerns the assessment of direct causal effects from a combination of: (i) non­ experimental data, and (ii) qualitative do­ main knowledge. Domain knowledge is en­ coded in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG), in which all interactions are assumed linear, and some variables are presumed to be unobserved. We provide a generalization of the well-known method of Instrumental Var...

This material contains the description of instrumental technique of operative assessment of the mental condition of computer-aided control systems operator. The assessment is based on the study of processes of formation and functioning of mental dynamic images when an operator becomes involved in an activity on the basis of observation by perception. The data concerning the structure and dynami...

The literature on English -er nominals has established that these can be divided into two major subclasses (see Rappaport Hovav & Levin 1992, Fabb 1984, Keyser & Roeper 1984, van Hout & Roeper 1998 to mention a few), the relevant semantic property being whether they refer to an actual event or not. Hence -er nominals vary with respect to the [±event] specification. As has been also widely discu...

The ability to allow for flexible forms of unobserved heterogeneity is an essential ingredient in modern microeconometrics. In this paper we extend the application of instrumental variable (IV) methods to a wide class of problems in which multiple values of unobservable variables can be associated with particular combinations of observed endogenous and exogenous variables. In our Generalized In...