IN T R O D U C T IO N Within the next decade, more than $30 billion will be spent at the federal, state and local levels for the construction of new roadways in the United States. Additional billions will be allocated for the operation and maintenance of existing facilities. Toward what end is this huge expenditure being made? Most highway officials would agree that it is to promote the efficie...

‘Abdul-Ḥakīm Bihjatpūr is among the contemporary Qur’ān scholars who have turned to revelation-order-based exegesis, publishing a book on its basics, rules, principles and benefits. The current study aimed at the criticism and investigation of the revelation-order-based exegesis from the viewpoint of Bihjatpūr, using library research and the descriptive-analytical method, in order to show that ...

abstract in zoroastrian law, there are several indications that denote to the temporary marriage as a legal institution and this can be compared to one law in imami jurisprudence. sunni and imami jurists differ on the continued legitimacy of the temporary marriage which the former believes it to be continued. temporary marriage is legitimate in the opinion of imami jurists and it has certain co...

intentional assignment of entitlements (as opposed to debts) is a legal institution which is based on the possibility of separation of entitlements from the personality of creditor and of its assignment to a third party. in the voluntary assignment of entitlements, the creditors may assign their rights to a third party. after long discussions, voluntary assignment of rights has been accepted in...

nowadays family tkaful in islamic societies has been  studied as islamic financing tools and in detail as a legal institution based on the theory of common benefit – common loss and collective cooperation. likewise in some western countries, among the uk , family tkaful as risk financing tools has important role beside insurance in society risk  financing.  it's seems to be necessary, shia...

Norms specifying constraints over institutions are stated in such a form that allows them to regulate a wide range of situations over time without need for modification. To guarantee this stability, the formulation of norms need to abstract from a variety of concrete aspects, which are instead relevant for the actual operationalization of institutions. If agent institutions are to be built, whi...

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