objective: the use of bacterial plasmids carrying specific genes of pathogens as genetic vaccines is a relatively new technique for induction of cellular immune responses against microbial pathogens. mechanisms of production of specific immune responses against these vaccines are not still completely understood. therefore, it is necessary to examine various routes of inoculation to find the bes...

influenza c virus possesses specific neuraminate-o-acetylesterase as a receptor-destroying function. this enzymatic activity of the viral glycoprotein hef (hemagglutinin, esterase activity and fusion factor) can be visualized in situ by the use of distinct color substrates. hereby the localization, as well as the quantity of synthesized hef protein is detectable. we further developed the estera...

conclusions a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses, identified in this study in shiraz, iran, contained 5 site specific mutations and were susceptible to oseltamivir. results our results revealed that a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses present in these samples were susceptible to oseltamivir, and contained 5 site specific mutations (v13g, v106i, v241i, n248d, and n369k) in na gene. these mutations correlated with increasing e...

 Background: Influenza A virus is the most virulent human pathogen and causes the most serious problem. Having epidemiological knowledge about this disease is important. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of influenza A/H3N2 virus infection in northern Iran from 2011 to 2013 using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods: In this cross-sectional study...

introduction: influenza a virus causes unpredictable epidemics and pandemics by creating antigenic variations. with the appearance of each new strain, rapid emergency countermeasures are taken against this new strain. hence, designing an applicable and cross protective strategy to counter this virus is of great importance. to achieve this, choosing conserved antigenic regions in influenza virus...

Background & Aims: Influenza viruses are important causes of mortality and morbidity in children. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of antibodies (IgG) against Influenza A in children in Kerman, Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 200 children aged 4-14 years referred to Besaat Clinic and Afzalipour hospital for diseases other than influenza were enrolled. Sera were tested...

Previous studies have shown antiviral effect of Echinacea and elderberry preparations against human influenza viruses in vitro. To investigate the in vivo antiviral effect of these herbs on avian H9N2 influenza virus, amantadine and two standardized commercial extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EF) and Sambucus nigra (SAM) were used in broiler chickens infected with H9N2 strain of the virus. EF, S...

most highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aiv) emerge after field passage of non-pathogenic aivs in birds. the outbreak of low-pathogenic h7n1 avian influenza virus in italy during 1999-2000 followed by outbreak of highly pathogenic h7n1 avian influenza virus is one example in this regard. this experiment has been designed to investigate the effect of pre-infection of birds with lpai on s...

influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. vaccination against influenza virus subtype h9n2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. at p...