COMMERCIAL POLICY VARIABILITY, BINDINGS, AND MARKET ACCESS Joseph F. Francois and Will Martin Protection unconstrained by rules often varies substantially over time. Rules-based disciplines, like OECD industrial tariff bindings negotiated under GATT since 1947 and new Uruguay Round bindings on agricultural and services trade and on developing country industrial tariffs, constrain this variabili...

This paper presents a model of industrialization through rural–urban interdependence. It shows how an economy with a low cost share of industrial inputs in agricultural production and a low expenditure share of manufactured goods, together with a limited variety of industrial inputs, can be caught in a low development trap. By escaping from the trap the economy moves toward more roundabout meth...

The transgenic approach has been used in model systems from yeast to mammals to address basic research questions, and to achieve agricultural, pharmaceutical or industrial objectives. In basic research, transgenic organisms have generated novel observations that could not have been obtained otherwise. This chapter concentrates on the use of transgenics in deciphering the operation of the UPS (u...

Reuse of agricultural wastes and industrial by-products for building materials has been gaining popularity in the recent years. Agricultural waste material; namely rice husk ash (RHA), and industrial by-product; namely expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) are discarded in large amounts globally, causing increased environmental problems. Therefore, this paper introduces innovative efforts of the com...

Idea In Brief In real industrial and instrumentation (I&I) applications, RS-485 interface links must work in harsh electromagnetic environments. Large transient voltages caused by lightning strikes, electrostatic discharge, and other electromagnetic phenomenon can damage communications ports. To ensure that these data ports can survive in their final installation environments, they must meet ce...

The kind of land use and intensity of its change is considered as important desertification indices in different models. Land use change is one of the main anthropogenic factors in the desertification. The current research was carried out around Imam Khomeini airport, with an area of 32000 km2, in order to evaluate mentioned area's land use changes effects during 1955-2003 on desertification. T...

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), a liquid nematocidal agent, had been in use since the mid-1950s. In particular, it was used on bananas in tropical and subtropical areas of the World (Central America, Caribbean Islands, Israel...). Although its spermatotoxic effect in rats was discovered in the early 1960s, its deleterious effects on human spermatogenesis were only discovered in 1977 (Whorton et al...

This paper shows how agricultural productivity shocks can generate large industrial output fluctuations in poor countries, using a static general-equilibrium model with Stone-Geary preferences. A negative shock to agricultural productivity increases food prices, which affects manufacturing output through two channels: (1) meeting subsistence requirements in the face of rising food prices causes...

Scientists at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are continuing to develop and refine an innovative wastewater treatment system referred to as reciprocating subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Reciprocation relates to patented improvements in the design and operation of paired subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, su...