We begin by defining witness indistinguishability, or WI for short. A witness indistinguishable proof or argument system requires that the verifier does not learn anything about x after seeing a proof of x ∈ L; however, WI is a weaker property than zero knowledge. If the prover has both y and y′ as witnesses for x ∈ L, then under a WI system, the verifier cannot know whether y or y′ was used to...

Between 1997 and 2000, all states in the United States (US) enacted State Children’s Health Insurance Programme (SCHIP) to provide publicly funded health insurance coverage for children low-income families. However, only 15 including District of Columbia initially chose newly arrived immigrants their SCHIP. We exploit resulting state time variation implementation programme a difference-in-differe...

The ideal photon-pair source for building up multi-qubit states needs to produce indistinguishable photons with high efficiency. Indistinguishability is crucial minimising errors in two-photon interference, central larger states, while heralding rates will be needed overcome unfavourable loss scaling. Domain engineering parametric down-conversion sources negates the need lossy spectral filterin...

Four patients are described in whom a follicular carcinoma developed following thyroidectomy for a benign follicular neoplasm. It is possible that the initial thyroid neoplasm was a well- differentiated follicular carcinoma which was microscopically indistinguishable from a benign adenoma. Realizing this pathologic pitfall in thyroid diagnosis, the need for meticulous examination of the pa...