Why Do Self-Employed Immigrants in Denmark and Sweden Have Such Low Incomes? When studying income differences and income distribution, the self-employed are often excluded from the population studied. There are several good reasons for this, for example that incomes from self-employment are not reported to the same extent as incomes from being an employee. On the other hand it is a problem to e...

We study the optimal tax system when taxpayers earn different kinds of income by supplying inputs. Imperfect substitution between inputs allows for general equilibrium effects. consider any type cross-base responses to changes such as income-shifting. Formalizing schedule sum many one-dimensional schedules, we express marginal rate on kind in terms sufficient statistics, including new ones and ...

Income redistribution in Germany is the result of combination of several redistribution instruments: There is a complex income tax law, different obligatory social insurances and supplementary benefits. This note estimates the income redistribution by quantile regression, using German EVS data. Two results are obtained: Income after redistribution is not everywhere increasing in income before r...

Abstract The important contribution international trade has in meeting the food security challenges that will arise in the first half of the twenty-first century is explained. The dual effect of rising population and increasing incomes among the world’s poorest consumers on food demand is outlined. Slowing rates of increase in global agricultural productivity will add to the difficulties in inc...

In this paper we examine the concept of “vulnerability” within the context of income mobility of the poor. We test for the dynamics of vulnerable households in the UK using Waves 1 12 of the British Household Panel Study and find that, of three different types of risks that we test for, household-specific shocks and economy-wide aggregate shocks have the greatest impact on consumption, in compa...

The relationship between income inequality and national savings is theoretically ambiguous, and past empirical studies have delivered mixed results. We revisit the question using a newly available source of data on inequality: the income share of the richest 10 percent and the richest 1 percent. Combining this with historical data on national savings rates, we are able to investigate the relati...

INTRODUCTION Despite strong evidence that increasing alcohol taxes reduces alcohol-related harm, state alcohol taxes have declined in real terms during the past 3 decades. Opponents of tax increases argue that they are unfair to "responsible" drinkers and those who are financially disadvantaged. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of hypothetical state alcohol tax increases o...

Globally, agriculture provides a livelihood for more people than any other industry. Growth in agricultural production and productivity is needed to raise rural incomes, to support the increasing numbers dependent on the industry and to meet the food and raw material needs of the faster growing urban populations. Enhancing agricultural productivity contributes to industrial growth by providing ...