introduction: opiates cause dependency via affect on central nervous system. locus coeruleus nucleus is a main group of noradrenergic neurons in the brain that plays an important role in the expression of opioid withdrawal signs. during opioid withdrawal, brain waves change in addition to physical and behavioral signs. in this study, we examined the effects of locus coeruleus electrical stimula...

This article surveys Hezbollah’s sectarian mobilization to justify its early engagement in Syria’s civil war for what was an intervention a geopolitical confrontation implement agenda coordination with regional allies. Generally speaking, relations can be driven from both above as well below. The first argues that Hezbollah is party whose timing of emergence paralleled the rise Shia Lebanon and...

Multiple-actor reality and the impact of different units, except states in stratified structural relations, have become more apparent recent international relations. Specifically, rising role Violent Non-State Actors (VNSA) regions like Middle East North Africa, their challenges to sole central position states, reinforced this idea. Hence, comprehending possible actorhood these groups within re...