Recently, downscaling global atmospheric model outputs (GCTM) for the USEPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Initial (IC) and Boundary Conditions (BC) have become practical because of the rapid growth of computational technologies that allow global simulations to be completed within a reasonable time. The traditional method of generating IC/BC by profile data has lost its advocates due t...

Operational wind data are used to show that the time-averaged mass flux near the tropopause is downward over the maritime continent (Indonesia) region during both summer and winter. The air descends within a layer above the convective level of neutral buoyancy (despite mean upward motion below and above this layer) and must rise through the mean tropopause elsewhere, contradicting the common vi...

Abstract The wintertime extratropical general circulation may be viewed as being primarily governed by interactions between Rossby waves and the background flow. These propagate vertically meridionally away from their sources amplify within core of tropopause-level jet, which acts a waveguide. strength this waveguide is in part controlled tropopause sharpness, itself function inversion layer (T...

Buckle folds are common traps for hydrocarbon in several contractional provinces. Buckle folds form where stratified sequences rest a top salt or some other utterly weak rock as a decollemet zone in units with high competency contrasts by a compressive stress which acted along the length of the rock layers. An important parameter affecting buckle folding of a competent zone above a mobile decol...

This paper describes observations of subvisible cirrus (SVC) clouds with the NASA WB-57F aircraft during the Costa Rica Aura Validation Experiment (CR-AVE) in 2006. SVC clouds were encountered and characterised with state-of-the-art optical array imageing probes in extended areas of the tropical tropopause layer with temperatures as low as −90◦C. Nearly spherical crystal shapes were measured fo...

We show here that stratospheric water vapor variations play an important role in the evolution of our climate. This comes from analysis of observations showing that stratospheric water vapor increases with tropospheric temperature, implying the existence of a stratospheric water vapor feedback. We estimate the strength of this feedback in a chemistry-climate model to be +0.3 W/(m(2)⋅K), which w...