BACKGROUND Large convective volumes are recommended for online haemodiafiltration (HDF) to maximize solute removal. There has been little systematic evaluation of factors that determine convective volumes in routine clinical practice. METHODS In the present study, potential patient- and treatment-related determinants of convective volume were analysed in 235 consecutive patients on post-dilut...

A new, satellite-based methodology is developed to evaluate convective mass flux and large-scale total mass flux. To derive the convective mass flux, candidate profiles of in-cloud vertical velocity are first constructed with a simple plume model under the constraint of ambient sounding and then narrowed down to the solution that matches satellite-derived cloud top buoyancy. Meanwhile, the larg...

Impulsive and convective frequencies are one of the most important subjects for evaluation of the seismic behavior of tanks. These two frequencies are defined by Housner and used for obtaining Rayleigh damping in time history analysis. ACI 350 and NZSEE standards have suggested some analytical solutions for finding convective and impulsive frequencies. These frequencies can also extract from mo...

[1] We investigate the hypothesis that the 10 km diameter dome-shaped features seen on Europa’s surface are caused by strongly temperature-dependent convection, in which upwellings form isolated diapirs or thermals. We use the observed lower limit on dome diameter of 4 km to deduce that the conductive (stagnant) lid thickness must be 5 km. Such a lid thickness implies a minimum surface heat flu...

The present study has used Meteosat infrared brightness temperature images to investigate the regional and interannual variability of Central African cloudiness. Spatial and temporal variability were investigated using half–hourly data from the Meteosat-7 during June–July–August (JJA) of 1998–2002. The full domain of study (1.5◦E–17◦E, 1◦N–15◦N) was divided into six regions and statistics in ea...

[1] Quasi‐equilibrium (QE) closure is an approximation that is expected to apply to a large ensemble of clouds under slowly changing weather conditions. It breaks down under rapidly changing conditions or when the domain size is too small to provide an adequate sample of the cloud field. We explore fluctuations about an equilibrium state as simulated by a three‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model...

An understanding of convective weather impacts on en route airspace capacity is a first step toward development of predictive tools to support both tactical and strategic routing decisions in storm-impacted airspace. This study presents a model for traffic reductions in en route sectors that result from convective weather impacts. A model to predict the impact of convective weather on en route ...

[1] Interannual variations of tropical convection impact atmospheric circulation and influence year-to-year variations of the transport of trace constituents in the troposphere. This study examines how two modes of convective variability, anomalous intensification and meridional displacement of centers of tropical convection, impact interhemispheric transport (IHT) interannual variability. Two ...

This presentation is a summary of research progress supported under the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) project entitled "Parameterization of Convective Clouds, Mesoscale Convective Systems, and Con'o'ective-Generated Clouds." The approach used in this research is to perform explicit simulations of convective clouds and mesoscale convective systems for well-documented observed cases. Th...

The sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecasts to various modifications of the Kain-Fritsch (KF) convective parameterization scheme (CPS) is examined for twenty selected cases characterized by intense convective activity and widespread precipitation over Greece, during the warm period of 2005–2007. The study is conducted using the MM5 model with a two nested domains strategy, with hori...