Background: Selection bias arises in clinical trials by reason of selective assignment of patients to treatment groups. Even in randomized clinical trials with allocation concealment this phenomenon can occur if future assignments can be predicted due to knowledge of former allocations. Objectives: Considering unmasked randomized clinical trials with allocation concealment the impact of selecti...

Bias in image restoration algorithms can hamper further analysis, typically when the intensities have a physical meaning of interest, e.g., in medical imaging. We propose to suppress a part of the bias – the method bias – while leaving unchanged the other unavoidable part – the model bias. Our debiasing technique can be used for any locally affine estimator including l1 regularization, anisotro...

An artificial neural network has been used to determine the volume flux and rejections of Ca2+ , Na+ and Cl¯, as a function of transmembrane pressure and concentrations of Ca2+, polyethyleneimine, and polyacrylic acid in water softening by nanofiltration process in presence of polyelectrolytes. The feed-forward multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network including an eight-neuron hidde...