the imposed war which changed into the holy defense through shiite discourse, was one of the most important tests of the revolution after the islamic revolution victory. in fact, the imposed war caused the shiite discourse as the dominant discourse in the islamic republic of iran to show its potential capacities once again by the clergy foundation and imam khomeini, in particular. changing into...

This text focuses on the ecclesiastical tax transfers in favour of Portuguese Crown late medieval period, through an analysis typology taxes, chronology its granting and justifications presented for perception. While given by monarchy remain framed legitimacy conferred canon law, clerics’ resistance to payment reveal argument based reality good will satisfy fiscal needs monarchs.

The current study was carried out to investigate the functions of the ritual speech act of ‘ya Allah’ (literally meaning ‘O God’) employed by Iranians in social interactions. To this end, sixty-two Persian native speakers of different age groups, ranging from 35 to 85, of both genders were observed in 250 natural situations such as daily interactions, gatherings, public or private places and lo...

The article analyses the problem of silent/secret reading Orthodox liturgical prayers, especially Anaphora. It points to original practice saying them aloud, origins and possible causes silent reading, its complex consequences. description contemporary history attempts return prayers aloud are linked renewal in 20th century, current state question possibility further development.

This study aims to explore the improvement of spiritual and social ethics through learning Kitab kuning Wirid Readings in Merjosari Lowokwaru Village, Malang City. used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, sampling technique purposive sampling, data analysis is triangulation, research methods are observation, documentation, interviews. Researchers found that community's quality were ...

It is customary for the students of Darul Ulum Banyuanyar Islamic Boarding School to read poetry Zakiaria Al-Ansori after fardu prayer. The verse repeatedly by students. This interesting research examine how respond when reading these poems. Of course poems that are recited have an impact on santri themselves in form peace mind, sharing, and blessings. To produce data, researchers used observat...