The article examines the concepts of “author” and “authorship” in literature terms his birth, evolution, decline, return. problem authorship literary studies is related to question approaches textual research: should we pay attention author’s personality, what place does author occupy author-text-reader relationship, it possible completely abandon favour reader or text? subject study concept co...

Abstract. Technological knowledge of the use metals is inseparable from human in processing pyrotechnics fire as a power high temperature processes for producing objects. The used smelting and casting melting furnaces. Metal furnace heat production device, which to purify metal, this case iron. This paper aims determine development ferrous metal technology Indonesia with library research method...