Influenza A virus (IAV) causes central nervous system (CNS) lesions in avian and mammalian species, including humans. However, the mechanism used by IAV to invade the brain has not been determined. In the current work, we used chickens infected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus as a model to elucidate the mechanism of entry of IAV into the brain. The permeability of the BBB ...

Acanthamoebae produce a painful, sight-threatening corneal infection. The adhesion of parasites to the host cells is a critical first step in the pathogenesis of infection. Subsequent to adhesion, the parasites produce a potent cytopathic effect (CPE) leading to target cell death. Recent studies showing that acanthamoebae express a mannose-binding protein (MBP) and that free alpha-mannose (alph...

Chicken IgY, the ancestral form of mammalian IgE and IgG, is recognized by the high-affinity FcY receptor CHIR-AB1, a member of the leukocyte receptor family. In this study, we have characterized the receptor ligand interaction site by consecutive truncations of the Fcv IgY domains and mutational analyses of selected residues. Using several fusion proteins that linked the human Cgamma2 and Cgam...

Immunization of chickens and extraction of antibodies from egg yolk belongs to the alternative methods since the animals suffering is reduced by non-invasive antibody-sampling. Also, the number of animals needed to produce a certain amount of antibody can be reduced since chickens produce a significant higher antibody quantity than rabbits. Despite its several advantages this technology (IgY-te...

BACKGROUND Humans are genetically defective in synthesizing the common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), but can metabolically incorporate it from dietary sources (particularly red meat and milk) into glycoproteins and glycolipids of human tumors, fetuses and some normal tissues. Metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from animal-derived cells and medium components also resul...

The measurement of chicken and human antibodies to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E was accomplished by affinity isolation of complexes containing these antibodies. By this approach, a mixture of toxin with the test antibody, fluoresceinated antibody, and enzyme (Russell's viper venom factor X activator)-labeled antibody is allowed to form a complex in solution phase. This complex ...

A two-step chromatographic procedure was developed for the isolation and purification of hen IgY antibodies from egg yolk. The antibodies were completely separated from vitellin and lipids by hydrophobic interaction chromatography followed by gel filtration. Almost no residual yolk proteins, no immunoglobulin aggregates, and no antibody fragments could be detected in the final extract. Moreover...

OBJECTIVE To study immunization procedures and preparation methods of specific IgY antibodies (IgY-Hp, IgY-IB) produced by hens immunized with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) bacterial antigen and recombinant Hp specific antigen IB, detect the inhibition effects on Hp growth and Hp urease activity, and study the effects of oral administration for treating Hp infection. METHODS By using recombinant c...

Immunological reagents for wild, non-model species are limited or often non-existent for many species.In this study, we compare the reactivity of a new anti-passerine IgY secondary antibody with existing secondary antibodies developed for use with birds. Samples from 41 species from the following six avian orders were analysed: Anseriformes (1 family, 1 species), Columbiformes (1 family, 2 spec...