background and aims: the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis vaccination programs in chickens. materials and methods and results: in the present study, 225 day-old broiler chicks divided into 5 groups. the groups were submitted to vaccinations, except for the non-vaccinated control group. the chickens in the groups 1 were kept as...

backgrounds: most of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections elicit poor immune responses and 75% to 85% of cases become chronic therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against hcv is of paramount importance. in this study, we aimed to evaluate co-administration of hcv non-structural protein 2 and il-12 dna vaccines in c57bl/6 mice. methods: a plasmid encoding full-length hcv ns2 prot...

Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disorder of the medium and large-sized arteries. Recent experiments demonstrated that atherosclerosis is a Th1 dominant autoimmune condition, whereas Th2 cells are rarely detected within the atherosclerotic lesions. Several studies have indicated that Th2 type cytokines could be effective in the reduction and stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. The...

one of the important reasons for death among the worldwide’s population is trauma which is injury or damage to a biological organism caused by physical harm from an external source. after trauma, the immune system and the early inflammatory immune response activation lead to massive injury. trauma causes activation of nearly all components of the immune system; it also activates the neuroendocr...

Background: Macrophage immune responses are affected by the secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to examine the immune responses of macrophages to Mtb secretory antigens, namely ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10.Methods: THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) were cultured and differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The cytotoxici...