Th2 cells and mast cells are major sources of IL4, IL5 and IL13, cytokines that mediate immunity against parasites and are also central players in the pathophysiology of asthma, allergy and atopic disease. We asked whether Th2 cells and mast cells, which belong to the lymphoid and myeloid lineages, respectively, use different cis-acting regulatory regions to transcribe the cytokine genes. Compa...

Background: Tissue healing consists of four main phases: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. In diabetic patients, this process is stagnant in the inflammatory stage, leading to chronic wounds. The aim study evaluate an animal model biological evidence related use Rigenera® technology (Turin Italy), innovative mechanical procedure isolate autologous micrografts (AMG). Meth...

Differentiation of T(H)1 and T(H)2 effector cells proceeds through several phases: First, naïve CD4(+) precursor cells are instructed to differentiate as appropriate to optimally fight the infectious threat encountered. This process is governed by the IL12 and IL4 cytokines, as well as by signaling through the Notch receptor. In response to these signals, transcription is initiated of lineage s...

Bats carry and shed many emerging infectious disease agents including Ebola virus and SARS-like Coronaviruses, yet they rarely display clinical symptoms of infection. Bat epithelial or fibroblast cell lines were previously established to study the bat immune response against viral infection. However, the lack of professional immune cells such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages has greatly ...

Eosinophils natively inhabit the small intestine, but a functional role for them there has remained elusive. Here, we show that eosinophil-deficient mice were protected from induction of Th2-mediated peanut food allergy and anaphylaxis, and Th2 priming was restored by reconstitution with il4(+/+) or il4(-/-) eosinophils. Eosinophils controlled CD103(+) dendritic cell (DC) activation and migrati...

We demonstrate that pancreatic cancer tissues express receptors for interleukin (IL)-4 in situ at high density. Using the approach of selective receptor targeting, we have tested the efficacy of a recombinant cytotoxin IL4-Pseudomonas exotoxin A, which is composed of a targeting moiety (IL-4) and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin. Our results demonstrate that this molecule exerts vigorous ...

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a principal regulatory cytokine during an immune response and a crucial determinant for allergy and asthma. IL-4 binds with high affinity and specificity to the ectodomain of the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL4-BP). Subsequently, this intermediate complex recruits the common gamma chain (gamma c), thereby initiating transmembrane signaling. The crystal structure of the in...

Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of inflammatory cytokines have been previously related to the occurrence of an ischemic stroke (IS). We investigated whether five functional SNPs (i.e., TNF-α-308G>A, IL6-174G>C, IL12B 1188A>C, IL4-589C>T, and IL10-1082G>A) might be associated with the age of onset and 6-month outcome of an acute IS. A probe-free real-time PCR methodology was us...