This study reports the different documentation that teachers encounter in four countries: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. It considers the influence of this documentation on teachers’ implementations of ICT in early years practice. This influence is analysed in light of Seymour Papert’s ‘new forms of learning’ (1996). Early years’ teachers need to decide ‘how best’ computers can ...

Yet, behind the scenes, a very strong assumption—or belief— resides: that there is a fixed single population parameter. In this case, the mean value of weights for teenagers in the city is a single value. Therefore, without a serious flaw in the sampling process, the parameter is constant, though unknown, across all possible samples [2]. However, what if the parameter is not fixed but rather ha...

Let us assume that some businessmen wish to have a meeting. For this to happen, they usually have to meet somewhere. If they cannot meet physically, then they can take part in a video (or audio) conference to discuss whatever needs to be discussed. But what if their meeting is meant to be private? In this case they need a cryptographic protocol that allows them to exchange their ideas remotely,...

Reputation concerns can discipline agents to take costly effort and generate good outcomes. But what if outcomes are not always observed? We consider a model of reputation with shifting observability, and ask how this affects agents’ incentives. We identify a novel and intuitive mechanism by which infrequent observation or inattention can actually strengthen reputation incentives and encourage ...

This paper addresses a new approach to the longstanding problem of interoperating military command and control with combat simulations. There is great potential benefit in such a capability, both for more effective training and as a “what if” capability during military operations. We describe the Battle Management Language, an unambiguous means of describing military operations to people, simul...