New annotation guidelines and new processing methods were developed to accommodate English treebank annotation of a parallel English/Chinese corpus of web data that includes alternate English translations (one fluent, one literal) of expressions that are idiomatic in the Chinese source. In previous machine translation programs, alternate translations of idiomatic expressions had been present in...

Background: Normal children understand and use embodiment metaphorical expressions since they start learning a language, but children suffering from William’s syndrome even in adulthood have little understanding of such expressions and they can hardly use them. Objectives: This study is an attempt to teach embodiment metaphorical expressions of 4.5-5 year old Persian children suffering...

This study is qualitative in nature and aims to highlight a genuine difficulty with the translation that many foreign translators have. Put another way,idiomatic expressions cultural terms cannot be translated easily. They need very carefully, keeping view intercultural subtleties. In this study, Munshi Premchand’s three short stories originally written Urdu into English have been selected for ...

Expressions, such as add fuel to the fire, can be interpreted literally or idiomatically depending on the context they occur in. Many Natural Language Processing applications could improve their performance if idiom recognition were improved. Our approach is based on the idea that idioms and their literal counterparts do not appear in the same contexts. We propose two approaches: (1) Compute in...

Lexical cohesion is an important device for signalling text organisation. In this paper, we investigate to what extent idiomatic expressions participate in the cohesive structure of a text. We look at the problem both from an empirical and a computational perspective. Our results show that both literal and nonliteral expressions exhibit cohesion with their context, though the latter tend to do ...

Idiomatic expressions can be problematic for natural language processing applications as their meaning cannot inferred from constituting words. A lack of successful methodological approaches and sufficiently large datasets prevents the development machine learning detecting idioms, especially that do not occur in training set. We present an approach called MICE uses contextual embeddings purpos...

In this paper I introduce (1) a technically simple and highly theory-independent way for lexically representing flexible idiomatic expressions, and (2) a procedure to incorporate these lexical representations in a wide variety of NLP systems. The method is based on Structural EQuivalence Classes for Idioms and therefore called the SEQCI method. I illustrate the approach using the Rosetta MT sys...