Introduction: Gender identity disorder refers to the most extreme level of sexual boredom and is defined as a feeling of discomfort with one’s own sexual anatomy and the desire to get rid of one’s genital organs and living as members of the opposite sex. This disorder occurs at an early age and results in negative consequences later in life. In this article we attempt to measure gen...

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between identity styles and self-efficacy beliefs (personal and collective) and to compare them in Iranian and Afghan high school student boys who inhabit in Qom city. This study is of a special importance since it is a multi-cultural and comparative study between Iranian and Afghan nations. Method: Subjects were selected...

In the 1340s and 1350s, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi undertook developmentalist reforms in various areas of governance and tried to define an identity as a legitimate identity in each of these areas and persuade individuals (including students) to accept it. But this legitimate identity (the identity created by the Pahlavi government apparatus) was not welcomed by the students, the instrumental/intell...

چکیده ندارد.

Aims: The aim of this research was the study of the role of identity formation styles on substance abuse behavior of referred people to addiction withdrawal and DIC centers of Tehran city and its comparison with non addicted people. Method: The research design was causal effect research method, which 100 substance abusers compared with 100 non substance abusers. The sampling method was cluster ...