Introduction: Psychological symptoms of non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) including perceptual, emotional, and behavioral problems can effect patient perception of chest pain. This study was conducted to determine the effect of metaphor therapy on mitigating depression, anxiety, stress, and pain discomfort in patients with NCCP. Materials and Methods: This randomized, controlled, trial was conducte...

Precise semantic representation of a sentence and definitive information extraction are key steps in the accurate processing of sentence meaning, especially for figurative phenomena such as sarcasm, Irony, and metaphor cause literal meanings to be discounted and secondary or extended meanings to be intentionally profiled. Semantic modelling faces a new challenge in social media, because grammat...

The general question that forms the background to this paper is one that has interested many scholars over the years, including linguists, psychologists, philosophers, and others. This question concerns the role of our experiences in motivating features of language. A number of influential studies have proposed that certain categories of experiences—or their cognitive representations—are partic...

Basque, a language spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees, has rich lexical and grammatical resources for expressing space. It has five different locational cases and over thirty locational postpositions, mostly spatial nouns which can take any of the locational casesuffixes. The five locational cases of Basque are locative –n, ablative –ti(k), allative –ra(t), terminative allative –raino...

There is broad agreement among evolutionary linguists that the emergence of human language, as opposed to other primate communication systems, is characterised by two key phenomena: the use of symbols, and the use of grammatical structure (Tomasello 2003). In this paper, we show that these two defining aspects of language actually emerge from the same set of underlying cognitive mechanisms with...

Existing ideational approaches to nativism tend conflate the concept with nationalism, xenophobia and populism, as well overlooking role of racism racialisation in process constructing non-native ‘out-group’, against native ‘in-group’. Inspired by Discourse Theoretical approach this article offers a significant conceptual contribution studies on far right interpreting racist xenophobic discours...

the present study aims at discussing whether metaphors in the qur’an, revealed more than 1400 years ago, are dead, moribund or live and how these three types of metaphors have been translated in three english and three persian translations of the qur’an. the results reveal that among 70 metaphors examined, while only about 32.85% are live metaphors, about 67.14% are moribund, but none of the ca...

In Cognitive Linguistics, meaning resides in conceptual-ization and grammar is seen as being meaningful. Cog-nitive semantics provides an array of well-motivated de-scriptive constructs allowing a revealing description ofsemantic and grammatical structure. The linguist ev-idence sheds light on human conceptual abilities thatneed to be accommodated in models of cognitive ...